SS-31 50mg

What is SS-31?
SS-31, also known as elamipretide, is a small aromatic peptide engineered to readily permeate cell membranes and reach mitochondria—the powerhouses of the cell. Its primary mechanism of action involves stabilizing cardiolipin, a phospholipid crucial to the inner mitochondrial membrane and integral to ATP (energy) synthesis. By maintaining cardiolipin integrity, SS-31 helps prevent the excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) while promoting efficient energy generation within cells.

Disturbances in cardiolipin stability are strongly associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, a contributing factor in a wide range of conditions including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, diabetes, heart failure, fatty liver disease, and several neurodegenerative and metabolic disorders. Moreover, mitochondrial damage plays a key role in mitochondrial myopathies—a group of neuromuscular diseases marked by muscle weakness, fatigue, and organ dysfunction. SS-31 is the first peptide of its kind to reach clinical trials for potential treatment of mitochondrial myopathy and related disorders.

SS-31 Molecular Profile
Sequence: D-Arg-Tyr(2,6-diMe)-Lys-Phe
Molecular Formula: C32H49N9O5
Molecular Weight: 639.8 g/mol
PubChem CID: 11764719
CAS Number: 736992-21-5
Synonyms: Elamipretide, MTP-131, Bendavia

SS-31 Research Overview

1. Mitochondrial Function and Energy Regulation
SS-31’s most significant therapeutic potential lies in restoring mitochondrial efficiency and promoting ATP synthesis. In animal studies, SS-31 demonstrated the ability to protect mitochondrial membranes from ischemia-induced damage, enhance ATP recovery, and reduce cellular necrosis. Clinical trials in humans revealed improved exercise capacity within just days of administration, suggesting measurable enhancement of energy metabolism. Although early Phase III trials yielded inconclusive data, experts believe the issue lay in the chosen endpoints rather than efficacy itself. Current studies continue to explore its potential across various disease states, including metabolic and neurodegenerative disorders.

2. Cardiovascular Applications (Ischemia and Heart Failure)
SS-31 has shown promise in improving cardiac mitochondrial function by restoring oxygen flux and energy production in failing heart tissue. In canine studies, chronic treatment with SS-31 enhanced left ventricular performance and reduced pathological remodeling. Research further indicates that SS-31 may protect cardiac tissue during acute ischemic events by minimizing cardiomyocyte apoptosis—suggesting value in both acute and chronic heart failure management.

3. Diabetes and Oxidative Stress Reduction
Mitochondrial dysfunction is a known contributor to insulin resistance and vascular complications in diabetes. In human trials, SS-31 significantly reduced ROS production and upregulated SIRT1—a protein associated with improved insulin sensitivity and anti-inflammatory response. These findings suggest SS-31 may mitigate microvascular damage and slow disease progression by restoring mitochondrial equilibrium.

4. Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Mechanisms
SS-31 functions as a potent antioxidant, directly reducing oxidative stress and downstream inflammation. It inhibits FIS1 expression—an indicator of dysfunctional mitochondrial division—and suppresses inflammatory markers such as NF-kB p65 and CD-36. By preventing inflammasome activation, SS-31 helps preserve mitochondrial integrity, thereby maintaining optimal ATP production and minimizing chronic inflammation associated with diseases like rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease.

Summary
SS-31 represents a pioneering advancement in mitochondrial-targeted therapeutics. Its ability to stabilize cardiolipin, enhance ATP production, and suppress oxidative stress positions it as a potential treatment for a wide spectrum of conditions rooted in mitochondrial dysfunction—from neurodegenerative diseases to cardiovascular and metabolic disorders. Though initial clinical outcomes were mixed, ongoing research continues to reinforce its therapeutic promise.

Disclaimer:
All SS-31 products available through America 1st Peptides are intended solely for in-vitro scientific research. They are not approved by the FDA for human or veterinary use, diagnosis, treatment, or prevention of any disease.